
'Ipairi and icr lost Golonios. 



W. EDWIN PRIEST. 

905 French Street Northwebi, 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 



V 



\. 



Hi ion 

1912 



SPAIN AND HER LOST COLONIES, 



V 



A LECTURE. 



WASIIINOTON, I). C. 

JUDD A DETWEILBR, PitlSTKKfl 

181W 



an interior older than our Republic, yet comparable with the 
finish of our own magnificent Congressional Library. 

6. A Room in the Royal Palace. 

There are interminable vistas of rooms, grand salons hung 
with antique brocades and exquisite old satins in soft and 
beautiful colors, old rose and blue, embroidered in gold and 
flowers. This is one of the smaller apartments, but notice 
the polisli of the beautiful mosaic floor, the costly table, the 
silken hangings, and richl}^ covered walls. 

The Superb Throne Room 

7. Throne Room. 

is hung entirely with ancient cramoisy velvet. The ornate 
beauty of this hall, in gold and crimson, is said to have im- 
pressed even Napoleon. With the Royal Palace at Madrid 
our own White House makes no comparison. 

The vacant throne is yet to be occupied by the Little King? 

8. Little King. 

Alphonso XIII. Thirteen is said to be an unlucky number. 
So far the boy king has lost his colonies. What yet he may 
lose remains to be seen. Never has a little Prince had more 
tender maternal care or more princely education ; and to that 
devoted mother and excellent woman, the Queen Regent, 

9. Queen Regent. 

the people of Spain owe much. She, at least, in her high 
place has set the example of all that is most womanly, noble, 
and beautiful ; and yet to many in the Kingdom she is simply 
the foreigner from Austria." 
She has rendered herself unpopular with the people because 
she discountenances that national barbarity, the Bull Fight, 

10. Bull Fight. 

and, contrary to royal usage from time immemorial, will 
never attend it. 



<< 



The Bull King of Madrid is of vast size, seating thousands 
of people, and is patronized by the highest of the nobility, 
sehors and senoritas alike. 

The Queen has been ably aided by one 

11. Sagasta. 

on whom the burdens of state have borne all too heavily of 
late, the Premier Sagasta, a man who is a type of much that 
is best and most able in the Spanish character. 

In consideration of Spain's financial embarrassment, the 
Queen has always declined to accept the annual income of a 
quarter million pesetas, due her as Regent. Spain, however, 
derives little benefit from the unselfish sacrifice ; the poli- 
ticians of the capital, the most dishonest in the world, have 
simply appropriated to their own uses this income, the equiv- 
alent of fifty thousand dollars. 

12. Palace of the Cortes. 

Of the government itself, nothing too bad can be said. 
Spain during the present century has had seven difi'erent 
constitutions, two at a time occasionally. A wretched, in- 
efficient, inconsistent, fearfully oppressive militarism, there 
is on the part of the people for it nothing but the supremest 
indiff'erence, coupled with passive, helpless submission. No- 
where is the toiler so subordinated to the drone. 

The Palace of the Cortes, The National Capitol. The 
cortes does not possess any great amount either of influence 
or political power, except that of the dishonest sort, while the 
elections to it are farcical to the last degree. The astound- 
ing ignorance displayed by its statesmen in regard to mod- 
ern history and modern afiairs in general is simply past belief. 

The society of Madrid is cultivated, elegant — modeled after 
that of Paris. There is refinement, polish in every Spanish 
town, and yet a nation more depraved does not exist. The 
Spaniard is brave, courteous, endowed with common sense, 
in some things, but he is still a Spaniard,' and as to what that 
is the centuries have recorded. He is what he is from two 
thousand years of inheritance and environment. It is a case 



4 

of heredity, and a very mixed heredity. What can you ex- 
pect of a nation trained from her earliest history in nameless 
cruelty ? In her present condition, Spain is utterly unfit to 
govern either herself or any dependency whatever. Decadent 
as she is, unless a change for the better is soon inaugurated, 
she must before many generations join the innumerable com- 
pany of nations whose wrecks strew the plains of the past. 
In the peasantry, if anywhere, lies the hope for the future — a 
patient, worthy people, though ground down to the very 
earth, and profoundly ignorant. 

13. The Escurial. 

The Convent palace of the Escurial, the royal burial place, 
and the largest palatial structure in Europe, is situated about 
twenty-five miles from Madrid. The mausoleum beneath 
this structure is the most solemn and magnificent sepulcher 
in the world. Here all the Kings of Spain, since the time of 
its erection by Philip II, three centuries ago, have been buried. 

From the royal windows on one side of the palace at 
Madrid the eye overlooks the country — a country which aston- 
ishes, because here, so near the city, it has already the appear- 
ance of a desert : no houses, no roads, a vast, half-savage, dreary 
expanse, ending at the far-off mountains ; and yet this was 
once a productive area. Everywhere the country is denuded 
of trees, though at one time densely wooded. It is but a 
picture of the kingdom itself, mismanaged,. worn out. 

14. View on the Guadalquiver. 

Along the river at Seville. Spain in its more modern 
aspect, with a single relic of antiquity in the background, 
the " Tower of Gold," so called because the gold brought 
from the Americas in former centuries, amounting to some 
millions a year, used to be stored within it. 

We have but to leave the river front, pass the fringing 
trees beyond the tower, and penetrate 

15. Street Scene, Seville. 

the older streets of the city to find ourselves in medieeval 



Spain, so different from what we have just seen as to seem 
like quite another part of the world. 

16. Spanish Country Road. 

A country road near Grenada. In no land is there so 
much of the antiquely picturesque. There is no country 
that is more full of return in the way of quaint surprises. 

17. Saragossa. 

To convey some idea of the age of things in the Peninsula 
here is a view of Saragossa, situated on the Ebro, a city 
founded during the life-time of Christ, by Augustus Csesar. 
The very name, Saragossa, is but a corruption of Csesar Au- 
gustus. The bridge was finished just two or three years 
before Columbus first sailed for America. 

1 8. Alcazar. 

And now, with but a glimpse at one of the " Castles in 
Spain," the famous Alcazar of Segovia, beautiful relic of a 
vanished race, the persecuted Moors of the centuries gone, 
we reluctantly turn to 

19. Cadiz. 

Cadiz, a very clean-looking city from the white stone used in 
building — " Little Silver Cup " the Spaniards call it — ^fi'om 
whence, only a few short months ago, Cervera's fleet set 
sail to meet its fate at Santiago. Here we will take ship for 
the Canaries, which lie six hundred and fifty miles to the 
southwest, within fifty or sixty miles of the African coast, so 
that a couple of days' sail brings us into the harbor 

20. Harbor of Las Palmas. 

of Las Palmas, on the Grand Canary. This harbor is full of 
life. One hundred and fifty ships enter and leave every 



6 

month, touching here for water and supplies, bound on voy- 
ages to all parts of the world. 

20>^. Terraces, Las Palmas. 

Las Palmas, prosperous and growing from the trade which 
here centers, is a quaint and interesting place. 

The terraced part of the city is especially attractive, and 
with its tropical growth presents quite the effect of a town 
in the Orient. 

We wish to look critically at the Spanish influence in the 
Canaries, for the reason that it is here exerted under the most 
auspicious circumstances, and if here a failure, nowhere can 
it be anything else. 

21. Map of Canaries. 

The islands are seven in number, of which Grand Canary 
and Teneriffe are the principal, with a total area of 3,000 
square miles, two and a half times that of Rhode Island, 
and with a population about equal to it. There are, therefore, 
many towns, in any one of which 

22. Typical Street Scene, Tenor, Grand Canary. 

this is a typical street scene; for the general appearance of the 
towns everywhere is Spanish, as are the customs and lan- 
guage of the people, but it is life modified by contact, especially 
with the English. 

The climate of the Canaries is wonderful beyond descrip- 
tion — 

23. Botanical Gardens, Orotava, Teneriffe. 

tropical luxuriance without the heat of the tropics, balminess 
the whole year through. For weeks at a time, from May to 
November, the weather is like that of our most delightful 
spring days. This fountain in the Botanical Gardens at 
Orotava, in Teneriffe, with its surrounding wealth of tropical 
trees and flowers, gives a good idea of the beauty of the 
vegetation. 

24. Dragon Tree. 



A botanical wonder is this dragon tree. Forty feet high, 
3,500 years old, it stands in the island of TenerifFe. That 
tree was growing Avhen Moses was still in Egypt. 

The Canary archipelago constitutes a province, and so a 
part of Spain — not a colony such as Cuba and Porto Eico ; 
nevertheless the officials are nearly all sent out from the 
Peninsula, and the oppression is very great. The administra- 
tive offices have been multiplied beyond all reason to make 
sinecures for the friends and retainers of the Madrid politi- 
cians. Even the smaller and more secluded villages have 
several officials, and there are always the inevitable local gar- 
rison and the tax-collector, making a heavy burden for the 
impoverished peasantry, who must pay taxes on all produce 
taken into the tow^ns to be sold, if it is only a basket of eggs, 
rents and taxes on their miserable huts or caves 

25. Picture of Hillside Cave House. 

in the hillsides ; taxes on the very daylight, for they may 
not even put a window in their houses without paying the 
government for the privilege, and that in an annual tax. 
Some of the taxes are still farmed out to the highest bidder — 
that is, the man who bids to collect the largest amount of 
tax from a given district is given the appointment. What- 
ever he can extort by fraud or force, over the stipulated 
amount he keeps for himself 

It is the old story, the blighting Jmnd of Spain. It is vain 
to speak of the poetic and artistic sense, the literary and ma- 
terial accomplishment of the Spanish nation. 

The real key-note to a civilization is given in grewsome 
scenes like the one now before you. 

26. Charnel Pit at Las Palmas. 

Where in an American city, a city in England, or in Ger- 
many, would be tolerated a Charnel Pit like this in Las Pal- 
mas? Something you may find in almost any Spanish city — 
in Havana itself ; in Porto Rico. The plan is that the grave 
shall remain untouched only so long as the rental is kept up 



8 

by the family of the deceased. When that stops, whether 
from poverty or neglect, this is the end. 

27. Peasant Plowing. 

The Canary peasants are unusually kindly and peaceable ; 
indeed, crimes of any kind are rare among them. They are 
frugal and industrious, as they are obliged to be, in order 
to make a living under the wretched government. 

28. An Old Peasant. 

We see here the quaint costume of the rural districts^ 
which, however, is fast passing away. Ordinarily the cos- 
tume worn in the towns does not materially differ from that 
in our own country. 

29. Peasant Women Gathering Aloe Leaves for 

Fuel. 

Peasant women gathering dried aloe leaves for fuel. Wood 
is scarce in the islands, and almost anything is used for 
burning. The aloe hedge is quite a feature, though at first 
glance it seems but illy adapted either for fencing or burn- 
ing. 

30. Peasant Women Spinning. 

Patient toil is the lot of all these poor women, who, in 
common with most European peasants, have little in life but 
constant labor. The distaflP is a quaint object ; but it is, pos- 
sibly, the chief dependence for a subsistence for the women 
here using it. 

3 1 . Shepherd Resting. 

Full of the sea-island rest and quiet is this beautiful scene — 
the shepherd resting. The tall lichen grows beside the rock, 
while the ground is gray with it. 

The islanders, though reckoning themselves as loyal and 
patriotic Spaniards, chafe in secret under the oppression of 
the Peninsula, and while there is no thought of revolution 



9 

among them, they have seen enough of the superior justice 
and business methods of 

32. Shepherd Walking. 

the English, who are possessed of large interests in the Islands, 
to appreciate the improved conditions under which they would 
find themselves were government justly administered. 

There is one thing which, in these Islands, is well done, 
and that is the construction of the roads with which Spain 
has connected 

33. Road, Grand Canary. 

the principal towns of Grand Canary and Teneriffe. On ac- 
count of the extremely mountainous character of the country, 
the building of roads is very difficult. They have fre- 
quently, for long distances, been blasted out of the solid rock, 

34. Road, Grand Canary. 

winding along the perpendicular sides of deep ravines ; but 
these highways simply connect the cities. All other roads 
are mere paths of the roughest description, usually filled 
with loose stones, and in the rainy season forming the beds 
of small torrents. There is not the slightest attempt to 
make them better, and so difficult is transportation, that on 
these most valuable Islands, with their superlative climate, 
fertile soil, and over-population, there are large and fertile 
tracts sparsely inhabited for lack of means of access. For 
centuries the inhabitants have been paying a large part of 
their slender incomes in taxes without having, in many 
parts, the advantage of a single public improvement, not 
even a passable road. 

The same amount of taxation paid to an honest, efficient 

34>^. Peasant with Donkey and Sugar-cane. 

government and expended for local purposes would have 
made one of the garden spots of the world. These peasants 
have in them the possibilities of great advancement, if only 
they could be placed under right and helpful influences. 



10 

A greater blessing could not come to the people of the 
Canaries than to fall into the hands of England or the 
United States, and commercially it would be an inestimable 
boon to either country to possess them. 

Sailing from the Canaries, we follow the route pursued by 
Columbus four hundred years ago. 

When Columbus landed in the Bahamas, where now lies 
the Maria Teresa — a remarkable coincidence — 

35. Landing of Columbus. 

he indeed " gave to Castile and Leon a New World," but his 
discovery caused that world untold misery and doomed its 
inhabitants to destruction. 

In San Domingo or Haiti alone the inoffensive natives 
were reduced by massacre, torture, and the most frightful 
slavery from 1,000.000 to 16.000 in fifteen years, to say 
nothing of the horrors of Cortez in Mexico or Pizarro 
in Peru, or of what took place throughout South America and 
in the rest of the Antilles. 

35>^. Scene in Cuba. 

We pass now to that beautiful island, which, in spite of all 
its dark and troubled history, can only appropriately be 
called " The Pearl of the Antilles." 

36. Map of Cuba. 

Cuba lies within eighty miles of the shores of the United 
States and almost tangent to the Tropic of Cancer, stretching 
directly south of a line running from New York to Cincin- 
nati. It is 720 miles long, on the average 60 miles wide, 
slightly less in size than the State of New York, with a 
population, before the war, of one and a half million — two- 
thirds white, one-third black. 

36>^. Map of the West Indies. 

The Isle of Pines lies just to the south, formerly a penal 
colony and a resort of smugglers. 



11 

Although Cuba is geographically situated to command 
the entire commerce of the West Indies, yet such has been 
the restraint placed by Spain upon all intercourse with the 
surrounding islands that Cuba has practically had no com- 
merce with them whatever, and so perpetual has been the 
quarantine existing against the island on the part of all its 
neighbors that to reach any of the adjacent islands, as Haiti 
or Jamaica, — each less than a hundred miles distant — it has 
usually been necessary for the Cuban first to proceed to New 
York and thence to his destination. 

A ship canal once cut through Nicaragua, Cuba, with its 
magnificent harbors, will always be the key to the Caribbean , 
and in fact the outer gate to the commerce of the East, and 
so must be under the control of the dominant power of the 
Western Hemisphere. 

The fairest 

37. Tree Ferns. 

of tropical lands, over the whole is a mantle of tender and 
beautiful vegetation, rich in the hues of its three thousand 
species — tree ferns, palms, rare exotics, every variety of trop- 
ical fruit and product, fields upon fields 

38. Pineapple Field. 

of pineapples, which grow upon the higher levels and espe- 
cially upon the Isle of Pines. 

There are millions of acres of the richest lands that have 
never yet been subjected to cultivation. The capabilities of 
the island have onl}^ been touched on the edges. 

In evidence of the exceeding fertility of the soil, Cuba, 
under the unfavorable conditions of the past, has produced 
one million tons of sugar a year. 

39. Sugar Manufactory. 

There is on each great sugar plantation a central factory 
and crushing mill for making the sugar. This factory is 
connected by private lines of railway with many square 
miles of territory, where the cane is grown. It was the out- 



12 

lying buildings and stations of these vast estates that were 
so wantonly destroyed by the insurgents. 

With American capital and American industry, the imag- 
ination can scarcely conceive the possibilities for Cuba as a 
secure and wisely governed territory. 

There will be road, railroad, and bridge building. Out- 

40. Cuban Ox Cart. 

side of the immediate vicinity of the cities, there is now not a 
single constructed highway. What is known as a royal road 
is merely a broad strip of country fenced by cactus and barbed 
wire, and passable only on horseback or by ox carts in dry 
weather. Two days of rain stops traffic in alb directions. 

41. A Good Road in Cuba. 

What they call a good road in Cuba, and one much trav- 
ersed, near the city of Matanzas. 

With the entrance of the American, there will be sanita- 
tion of the cities, making them healthful. It is scarcely pos- 
sible for us to imagine the utter neglect of even the first prin- 
ciples of sanitary precaution in the cities of Cuba and Porto 
Rico. With refuse of houses dumped along the curbstone 
or piled in the rear, dead animals in the streets, horrible odors 
everywhere, what wonder there are fevers, smallpox, and 
every species of contagion. 

42. Landing at Ponce. 

Havana is about the only town amply supplied with water. 
In most other towns there is very little or none besides the 
rain water, stored in stone cisterns in the houses. It is not 
that the people do not appreciate the necessity and luxury of 
water. Taxes are levied for this purpose, and special taxes 
have sometimes been laid to build water works,but the money 
once calmly banked to the credit of the town officials is 
seldom heard of again. 

In like manner money has been collected for the construc- 
tion of piers in the magnificent harbors, but the piers were 



13 

never built, necessitating all the inconvenience of lading 
shown at this landing place at Plaza, the port of Ponce, in 
Porto Rico. 

43. Mountains of Eastern Cuba. 

One should speak of the salubrious highlands and the 
beautiful mountains of Cuba, of which the highest are in the 
eastern part of the island — " the delectable mountains," in- 
deed, they are to those wearied with the heat and oppression 
of the lowlands. Here are peaks rising to the height of 
8,000 feet, with air as clear and bracing as that of a northern 
clime. These mountains are very rich in minerals, iron and 
copper, the value of the latter, formerly exported from this 
region, amounting to several millions a year. 

44. Cavern. 

One of the natural wonders of Cuba is her great caverns. 
The rock formation is limestone, and the country is full of 
caves of remarkable size and beauty, of which the caves of 
Bellamar, near Matanzas, extend three miles under ground, 
and are especially notable for the beauty of their stalactite 
formations. 

45. River Cave. 

The caverns were much used by the insurgents as hiding 
places. It is no unusual thing in Cuba for a river to disap- 
pear into an underground channel, to reappear at a lower 
level miles away. These caves were also used by the abo- 
rigines. In this particular cave, near Santiago, a young 
friend of mine found two very finely formed stone mortars, 
probably left there by the early Indians. 

46. Cuban Farm-house. 

A farm-house in Cuba is not exactly a New England 
homestead, nor yet a Pennsylvania farm-house, but it is 
nevertheless a home, and a Cuban home is quite as happy a 
place as are our more northern ones. 

47. Another Country House. 



14 

The houses of large plantation owners or overseers are 
more substantially constructed, often luxurious within, and 
the scenes of gay festivities on gala occasions. 

It was for the producers on the smaller plantations that 
there was conceived the brilliant idea of extermination. Five 
hundred thousand of the poorer of these people were forced 
away from their farms into the Spanish lines, where no food 
could be obtained and where none was given them ; houses 
were burned, crops torn up, cattle driven off; over 250,000 
helpless people, the greater number women and children, 

wxre starved 

« 

48. Starving Cuban. 

to death. The haggard faces and fleshless bones of his vic- 
tims must surely haunt the author of all this. Weyler is 
but a type of the Spaniard in his worse aspect. 

49. Weyler. 

Affable, polished, educated, he yet presents that incompre- 
hensible combination of cruelty and refinement — utter cal- 
lousness to the sufferings of a subject race. 

50. Avenue of Palms. 

The cruelty which has been practiced in Cuba would fill 
volumes with its horrible details. Three times has Spain 
endeavored to wipe out by butchery and starvation the entire 
native population. The first of these attempts, practiced in 
former centuries upon the aborigines, was most fearfully ac- 
complished. The second was made by General Valamaseda, 
during the ten years' war, between the years '68 and '78, who 
wrote : " Not a single Cuban will remain on this island." 

The intentions of this zealous officer^were only foiled by the 
arousal of foreign public sentiment against him. The third 
attempt at extermination has, in the full light of the close 
of our 19th century, been entirely successful. 

In this connection it is necessary to refer to the atrocities 
inflicted by Spain upon citizens of the United States. As but 



15 

few of our younger people know of the facts in connection 
with the tragic Virginius affair of 1873, I would like to 
recall how, in that instance, fifty-two persons, some of them 
American citizens, were lined up and shot by order of the 
Spanish Governor in Santiago. It is but a single illustra- 
tion of what the attitude of Spain has constantly been with 
reference to citizens of our long-forbearing country. 

51. A Mangrove Swamp. 

A mangrove swamp along the coast. This peculiar growth 
is found on the edges of shallow inlets, where its constant 
encroachment beyond the water-line aids very materially in 
the extension of the shores. 

The military despotism of which we have been speaking 
has been accompanied by such exorbitant taxation as has 
never been known elsewhere in the world. An odious system 
of stamp taxes even went so far as to affix an impost stamp 
upon every arrival at a hotel. 

Spain made no public improvements outside of the cities 
and but few there ; if the Cubans attempted any, the work 
was taxed. 

In 1879 the total revenue collected was thirty-five million 
dollars. Of this only ninety-eight thousand ever reached 
Spain ; the officials in Cuba got the rest. Speaking of the 
notorious dishonesty of the officials, within the last century 
every Governor General of Cuba except one has gone back to 
Spain a millionaire. 

Spain's colonies have been but the feeding-troughs for her 
worthless, hungry politicians and decayed nobles. They 
have steadily grown rich, while Spain and her colonies have 
constantly grown poorer. Fortifications have been paid for 
which existed only on paper. Armies have been equipped, 
though no soldier or public advantage profited by the money 
expended. When Cabanas Castle, 

52. Cabanas Castle. 

of which this is a picture, was built beside the Morro at 
Havana, the bill was sent to Charles III of Spain. He studied 



16 

it attentively, and then picking up a small telescope lying 
near he significantly pointed it toward the west, exclaiming : 
" If the fort is as big as the bill, we ought to be able to see 
it from this side." 

Having spoken thus much of Spanish provincial methods, 
we will pass El Morro, 

53. El Morro. 

whose foul dungeons have destroyed more lives than all the 
cannon ever mounted on its walls. Some few immured in 
this Bastile of Cuba have come back into the bright world 
again, but unnumbered hundreds have perished in a cap- 
tivity which was but a lingering death. 

54. Harbor of Havana. 

Beautiful and picturesque as is the city, the harbor of Ha- 
vana is one of the most insalubrious in the world. Though it 
has a capacity for a thousand ships ; it has an entrance 
both narrow and shallow, while the bay within is hundreds 

55. The City Wharves. 

of feet in depth ; therefore no tidal action can ever cleanse 
the harbor, which for centuries has been receiving the drain- 
age of the city. The city wharves are quite busy places ; 
and ships from all parts of the world may be found there. 
The great derrick was erected for unloading the guns, in- 
tended for the recent defence of Havana, and between the 
two ships, somewhat to this side, is where the Maine was 
blown up. 

56. Wreck. 

The wreck. Perhaps in looking at this melancholy relic 
of a once proud and beautiful ship, the cost of a warship 
suggests itself It is from two millions and a half to over 
three millions. And now beside the wreck we will place 
one of our finest ships. 

57. Forward Deck of the Indiana. 



17 

Forward deck of the Indiana. These are 13-inch guns. 
The cost of a 13-inch gun with mount is $100,000. It weighs 
60 tons. It takes nearly a year to make it. It costs |600 to 
fire it off. The energy of the discharge of the main battery 
of one of our great warships — that is, four of these great 
guns — equals the energy of thirty-six 40-ton railroad loco- 
motives running at the rate of a mile a minute. There is 
absolutely nothing that can withstand such impingement. 

It is said that even Turkey is much impressed with our 
war vessels, and that she has ordered some like them. We 
are not informed as to whether she has ordered some men 
like ours. 

58. General Lee in His Oflace. 

General Lee in his office in Havana just prior to the war. 
His recent reception in Cuba evidences the esteem in which 
he is held by all classes of the Cuban people. 

59. A Business Street. 

Obispo street is one of the best in the city. The fact that 
most of the houses in Havana are two-storied will make the 
incoming Yankee appreciate the neglect of sky space. The 
Yankee in Havana will find ample opportunity to employ his 
energies. He will find that he is in the land of Manana, of 
tomorrow, of any time excepting now. 

60. Palace of Governor General. 

The Palace of the Governor General, the residence once of 
Weyler, later of Blanco. Lee has often visited this palace. 
Possibly he will occupy it after awhile. It is magnificently 
fitted and furnished, contrasting painfully with the squalor 
of the~ homes of the poor in 

61. Homes of the Poor. 

other parts of the city, for in no country in the world has 
the difference between rich and poor been more marked, 



18 

though these particular houses are not worse, sad to say, 
than many homes of the poor in our own cities. 

62. A Walking Garden. 

A walking garden and street market. This and many 
other scenes of similar character are very familiar in Havana. 

63. Tacon Market. 

The fine Tacon Market was reared at the instance of one of 
the Governor Generals, Tacon, who, for the convenience of the 
city, felt the need of a structure that would provide every 
facility for the proper and expeditious handling of perish- 
able foods. 

64. A Cuban Interior. 

A very beautiful and imposing interior is that of the Casino, 
in whose cool corridors the Spanish officers during the war 
were accustomed to loiter and seek daily relief from the ennui 
of conflict. 

65. Exterior of Cathedral. 

Perhaps the most interesting building in Havana is the 
Cathedral. In this antique structure was the reputed tomb 
of Columbus, although San Domingo claims to possess the 
genuine remains, while Spain has taken steps to deprive 
America altogether of the honor of possessing the dust of the 
Great Admiral. 

Like the Spaniard, the Cuban goes to church on Sunday 
in the morning and to the bull ring in the afternoon. 

66. Avenue of Palms. 

The Botanical Gardens are extensive and filled with an 
endless variety of tropical plants and trees. 

These Royal Palms are found growing all over Cuba and 
Porto Rico, where they surround the farm-houses or form 



19 

stately avenues leading up to the residences of the great 
estates. They are a very marked feature in the landscape. 

67. Fountain in Botanical Gardens. 

The fountain in the Botanical Gardens is very unique in 
its plan. The tropical growth along the wall gives a further 
idea of the beauty and luxuriance of these truly remarkable 
grounds. 

68. La Puerz. 

The oldest house in Havana, though bearing about it an 
atmosphere of cosy quaintness, yet shows in its heavy walls 
its original use as a fortress. The Spanish mind duly appre- 
ciates the antique, and historical structures are carefully pre- 
served. 

69. A Cuban Window. 

A Cuban window. The bars are simply to keep out in- 
truders. It makes one think of the famous painting of Char- 
lotte Corday. The size of these barred openings is explained 

70. A Cuban Window. 

by the fact that in tropical countries there must be a constant 
circulation of fresh air through the house. Glass is little, if 
ever, used. 

The colored people of Cuba are quite intelligent and self- 
dependent. Slavery was abolished in 1886. 

7 1 . Coal-heavers . 

Men and women alike perform the exceedingly laborious 
work of coaling ship. It requires five or six hundred tons 
to coal a single ship. Hundreds of women are employed, 
and all this vast quantity of coal is thus transported on their 
heads. 

As they walk in ceaseless file they sing their rhythmic songs. 
This is the old Spanish way of doing it, of course — a century 
or two behind the times, as usual ; but when American influ- 



20 

ences prevail here we shall have docks with electric appli- 
ances and coal shutes. 

72. Rio Cauto 

The river scenery of Cuba is charming. Cubans trans- 
porting supplies- across the Rio Cauto, the longest river in 
Cuba, navigable for fifty miles. Unfortunately there is a 
sand bar at its mouth, which seriously obstructs navigation. 

73. Yumiri River. 

The Yumiri, showing the gap through which the river 
reaches the sea near the city of Matanzas. The scenery on 
this river is not exceeded by any in Cuba, though it is a 
stream of only inconsiderable size. 

74. Yumiri Valley. 

The famous Yumiri Valley is exceedingly fertile and cov- 
ered with great estates, which, however, were sadly devastated 
during the war. Guerillas making it troublesome for the 
opposite side. 

75. A Sentry. 

A sentry. In this rather exposed manner the Insurgents 
were accustomed to take note of an approach of the enemy- 
The ever-ready palm serves here another useful purpose. 

76. Company of Spanish Soldiers. 

A company of Spanish Soldiers. These poor follows, the 
conscripted peasants of Spain, who before their coming knew 
of Cuba only as a place to which their fathers and brothers 
had gone before them not to return again, did not cross the 
Atlantic of their own free will to die of fever and fight in a 
cause which meant nothing to them. 

77. Cuban Flag. 

The Lone Star of the South, beautiful to those who have 
followed its leading, in the troublous period now past, and 

78. The Dawn of Day in the Antilles. 



21 

whose rising heralds the dawn of day in the Antilles — a day 
which, let us hope, will be obscured by neither cloud nor 
storm. 

79. A Matanzas Home. 

Formerly the homes of the wealthy Spaniards and well-to-do 
Cubans, both in the cities and on the great sugar estates, were 
in many instances palatial, the furnishings and fittings gor- 
geous in the extreme, and the use of silver for all domestic 
utensils quite common. A suburban city home, like this in 
Matanzas, or 

80. Residence of Archbishop, Havana. 

a mansion like the residence of the Archbishop in Havana, 
will illustrate Cuban house architecture as developed by the 
wealthy. There was a time when the homes of the rich in 
Cuba excelled those of a similar class in our own country. 

81. A Street in Santiago. 

A street in Santiago, with the mountains in the distance. 

Santiago, reference to which is so familiar, is the second 
commercial port in the island. 

Through all the future the name will be the synonym of 
American valor and patriotism. 

82. Entrance to Plaza. 

The entrance to the Plaza, in which in the cool of the day 
the populace gatliei^ and where first the Stars and Stripes 
proclaimed American protection over Cuba. 

83. View of Edge of Santiago. 

The scenery about Santiago, as everywhere in Cuba, is in- 
describably beautiful, as suggested by this glimpse of the 
edge of the town, with the bay and heights beyond. The 
lofty hills, the gigantic trees, the tropical charm, once seen 
are never to be forgotten. 

It is a significant fact that our great successes here were 



won by both our white and colored troops. A Spanish pris- 
oner, in speaking of the American soldiers, said : 

" The Yankees are sometimes white, sometimes yellow, 
and sometimes black, but they are all big men." 

In that one heroic charge by white and black alike up 
San Juan Hill, the Tenth Cavalry has done more to advance 
tlie cause of negro manhood than all the tirades on racial 
oppression ever written. 

Here let us do honor to the heroes revealed at Santiago. 

84. Sampson. 

Rear Admiral Sampson, to whose efficient planning is due 
the effective handling of Cervera's fleet. 

85. Scbley. 

" In selecting Schley as a commander of the Flying Squad- 
ron, America has probably opened the path to Glory for a 
new naval hero," were the words with which a magazine for 
June last began an account of the brilliant Commodore, 
Little did the writer of that sentence know the depth of 
prophecy therein contained. The ship is the first-class battle- 
ship Massachusetts, one of the Flying Squadron. 

86. Hobson. 

In the words of President McKinley, " Hobson has done 
what the Spanish navy has never done. He has sunk an 
American ship, and caused a Spanish ship to float." He has 
by his deed, with thousands upon thousands of other brave 
hearts, but illustrated that there are no bounds to our willing 
sacrifice, no limit to the love of country and flag. There is 
no land like America ; no country like our own country. 

87. Morro of Santiago. 

El Morro of Santiago. Morro is the word in Spanish 
equivalent to mount or mountain. This fortification is in- 



23 

teresting from its mediaeval appeai-ance and picturesque loca- 
tion ; but beneath its walls are noisome dungeons, and its 
inclosure has been the scene of inhuman executions. The 
waters which wash the rocks below swarm with sharks, and 
grewsome stories are told of how by means of these have 
been removed all traces of inconvenient suspects confined in 
the dungeons above. 

Leaving Cuba with her prisons and dismal memories, 
though entering now on a new and brighter era, we pass to 
our Porto Rico. 

About a thousand miles due southeast from Havana opens 
northward the harbor of San Juan de Puerto Rico, " Saint 
John of the Rich or Noble Port." San Juan is a perfect 
specimen 

88. Morro Castle. 

of a walled town, with portcullis, moat, gates, and battle- 
ments. Built over two hundred and fifty years ago, it is 
still in good condition and rej)air. After the soiled red and 
yellow of old Spain was hauled down from the ramparts, the 
Spanish soldiers were made to believe by their leaders that 
the United States had purchased Porto Rico. A friend of 
mine, in talking with two soldiers just outside the Castle, 
was told confidentially by one of them that he thought 
the United States had paid too much for the island, because 
there w^ere so many negroes in it. When asked how much 
it was the United States had paid, he replied, " Seven mil- 
lions." This but illustrates the manner in which the Span- 
ish soldiers and common people have been continually de- 
ceived by their leaders. Inside the walls the city 

89. San Juan. 

is laid off in regular squares, with very straight streets, which 
are beautifully paved with blocks brought from England. 
The streets are swept once a day by hand, and kept, strange 
to say for a Spanish- American city, remarkably clean. This 
imposing cavalcade of Spanish troops will claim most of our 
attention, but vou will have time to observe the substantial 



24 

and tasteful structure of the houses, usually of two stories. 
Entering one of these houses, you find yourself in a court, 
around which the house is built. The first story is given 
up to perhaps a dozen families of negroes, 

90. Colored Women. 

who crowd one upon another in the most appalling manner, 

while the upper stories are occupied by refined, well-to-do 

white people. 

Our great problem in Porto Rico will be as to how to deal 

with the very poor, of whom the greater proportion are 

colored. 

91. Map of Porto Rico. 

Porto Rico is almost rectangular in shape, and is about 
100 miles long and 40 broad, with an area larger than that 
of Rhode Island and Delaware taken together. It takes the 
first place among the Antilles for general prosperity and 
density of population, 800,000 being the estimated number 
of people. It is one of the few countries in tropical America 
where the whites outnumber the other races. 

Across the island to Ponce runs a fine military road, 

92. Military Road. 

of which this is a view. We are on the higher elevations at 
this point, where the growth resembles more that of the tem- 
perate zone. There are many good roads along the coast- 
A railway has been projected to encircle the island, one hun- 
dred and thirty miles of which, of the four hundred to be 
constructed, have been built. 

93. Street in Ponce. 

Ponce, in which the street scenes do not greatly differ 
from those in our own southern cities, is situated on the 
south coast of the island, on a rich plain about two miles from 
the sea, and lies surrounded by luxuriant gardens and plan- 



25 

tations. The name of the town as pronounced by the natives 
is either Ponce or Ponce, while the Castilian is Pontha. 

94. Park in Ponce. 

The Park gives an idea of the public taste of the city. 
The sea breezes are constant, and pure water is amply sup- 
plied for all purposes by an aqueduct. Ponce, in conse- 
quence, is perhaps the healthiest town of the island. 

95. Milking Cows. 

The milk service is quite unique, as in many other Cuban 
and Porto Rican towns, the milking being done to order at 
the door. 

The higher classes in Porto Rico are very cultivated. The 
young ladies do embroidery that often gives the impression 
of steel engraving, it is so fine. They are accomplished in 
music and are fine pianists. 

The open-hearted confidence with which the people have 
received our rule is very touching. In Ponce the inhabitants 
wanted not only all the town ofiicials appointed entirely from 
Americans, but the policemen as well. They don't know all 
about us yet. We must live up to the standard they have 
set for us. 

96. Porto Rican Interior. 

In the inland towns the houses are both quaint and pleasing, 
the white walls partly covered with moss or vines, with deep- 
set doorways, cool inner courts, and picturesque interiors. 

It is a noble acquisition, we shall have in Porto Rico. Its 
great value as a strategic center will be seen when we remem- 
ber that it is about 1,500 miles from New York, which is half 
the distance from Cadiz, Spain, and a thousand miles from 
Key West. It lies, in fact, at the very point which we should 
have selected as a coaling station had we had unrestricted 
choice of location. 

It is so exceedingly beautiful and productive that Colum- 
bus spent considerable time in the endeavor to convince Queen 
Isabella that he had here found the original Garden of Eden. 
The broad valleys stretching along the shore and back to- 



26 

ward the hills are covered with vast waving billows of sugar- 
cane, bordered by the tall ranks 

97. Cocoanut Palms. 

of the cocoanut palm, which grows for nothing, attains a 
height of 60 or 80 feet, lives, it is said, a hundred years, bears 
a hundred cocoanuts annually, and has, besides, a hundred 
other uses for man. Bananas grow everywhere ; oranges 
and lemons. Two hundred millions of bananas are annually 
shipped, and three million cocoanuts. 

Ascending toward the mountains, we find the home of the 
cinnamon tree, clove and coffee, vast estates, vanilla and 
nutmeg. 

But it is from the height of about a thousand feet to the 
mountain tops we have the glorious vegetation of the " high 
woods." Tree ferns wave their beautiful lace-like leaves, 
mountain palms thrust their fronds through green masses of 
air plants, and gigantic gum trees tower aloft, wreathed in 
mile-long lianas. Delightful will be the experiences in climb- 
ing its mountains, since Porto Rico forms a part of our own 
country. Its beautiful stalactite caves, its springs of hot and 
mineral waters, its streams filled with rare fish — all are 
awaiting the tourist and explorer, as its people and resources 
await the energizing touch of our civilization. 



In turning to the Philippines we are reminded that 
America now extends to the coasts of Asia. 

98. Map of the Pacific. 

It requires a study of the map to realize that the Hawaiian 
Islands lie about directly west of Cuba, ^outJiwest from San 
Francisco. The Carolines, along the lower edge of the map 
and the Philippines, in the southwest corner, are further 
south, very near the Equator, which will be represented by 
the lower edge line. They lie about west of the northern 
end of South America. 

Honolulu is two thousand one hundred miles from San 



27 

Francisco; Manila is four thousand nine hundred miles 
farther. 

An ocean voyage of nearly a month 

99. Ocean View. 

from San Francisco makes the seven thousand miles to 
Manila. An American will hesitate too much to place 
himself so far from home to think very seriously of living 
there. It is leaving " God's Country," when you steam out 
of San Francisco bay for the easy-going life of the Oriental 
Philippines. But the long voyage at length is ended and 
the steamer which has brought you from Hongkong has en- 
tered the Bay of Manila, the scene of Dewey's great victory, 
whose achievements are exceeded only by the modesty of his 
dispatches concerning them. 

100. Dewey. 

The Bay stretches before you twenty-seven miles wide and 

one hundred and twenty in circumference. It takes some 

^ time to cross it, but in front of you, as you advance, is Manila, 

with her white churches and towers backed against the tall 

blue-velvet mountains. 

By the victory of our fleet one more of the world's side- 
tracked capitals has been pulled from obscurity, and the 
average citizen is no longer in doubt as to whether Manila 
is spelt with one 1 or two, and locates it somewhat more ac- 
curately than as floating around indefinitely in the south 
seas. 

10 1 . Suspension Bridge Across the Pasig River. 

As we ascend the Pasig, t)n both sides of which the city is 
built, we maybe somewhat amazed to see the thoroughness 
of the bridge constructions that span it. This is the Sus- 
pension Bridge, but there are five or six others ; for we must 
remember that Manila is a city larger than Washington, with 
a population of 300,000, with all the varied activities so large 
a place demands. 

102. Stone Bridge Across the Pasig. 



28 

The old city of Manila, the walled city spoken of in 
Dewey's dispatches, is surrounded by ancient ramparts on 
which are mounted antiquated bronze cannon. This im- 
posing bridge connects the business portion with the walled 
city. 

103. Business Street, Manila. 

A walk through the principal business street dispels the 
illusion that the place is the isolated village we in our sim- 
plicity formerly supposed. Everybody of any consequence 
has his carriage in this Eastern metropolis, though the 
horses are all ponies, some of them exceedingly diminutive. 

104. Business Street No. 2. 

The same street, looking in the opposite direction. The 
carriages are lined up at the side of the street and on the 
sidewalks are the business men in their white muslin suits. 

There are street-car lines, in equipping which American 
capital and enterprise, as usual, have come to the front, a 
Philadelphia firm having furnished the cars for one of the 
roads. 

105. A Suburban Street. 

A suburban street is not quite so impressive, but it is many 
times cooler, and so are these slightly constructed native 
houses, with their thick thatch and thin, well ventilated 
walls. The only trouble about them is that they burn so 
readily. Manila fires are a constant occurrence, and are usu- 
ally stopped only by a vacant piece of ground or a grove of 
palms. 

106. Procession of Natives. 

In this procession the natives are dressed in their best for 
the festive occasion of Good Friday. The peculiar fashion 
of wearing the shirt, shown in the picture, always distin- 
guishes the native Malay and the half-breed from the for- 
eigner. The viands carried are for a feast at the conclusion 
of the parade in the house of a prominent native. 



29 

Speaking of Good Friday, it will be appropriate to remark 
that the natives have taken very readily to the 

107. Philippine Church. 

ceremonies of the church. The feast days are especially ap- 
preciated, and have been made by them as numerous as 
possible. The churches built by the Spanish are often very 
massive and imposing. 

The Philippines are a very numerous group. Their num- 
ber is estimated at twelve hundred or more. They are the 
pickets of the Pacific, standing guard at the entrance of trade 
with the millions of China, Korea, the Malay peninsula, and 
countless islands to the south and west. 

108. Map of the Philippines. 

Their total area is as great as that of New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware taken together, and 
their population is about nine millions. 

Many of the islands are very large, while there are count- 
less small ones. Luzon, the largest, on which Manila is sit- 
uated, equals in size the State of Ohio, or that of Cuba and 
Porto Rico combined, with a population of 5,000,000. The 
Island of Mindanao, to the south, is nearly as large. 

109. Mountain Scenery, Luzon. 

The island-studded lakes, swift-flowing mountain streams, 
and horizon bounded by lofty crests make such scenery as 
is nowhere else found. 

Gold mining and gold washing have been followed for 
centuries, in their primitive way, by the natives. Every 
brook that flows down from the mountains pans out the 
color of gold. 

Not so romantic, but equally important is it, that iron and 
coal are found. 

110. Stream and Tropical Growth. 

The orange, lemon, banana, and strange delicious fruits 
without name or number — all grow wild in the Philippine 



woods. The forests abound in precious woods — ebony, sapan- 
wood, iron-wood, mahogany. There is no end to the hard 
woods, and the beautiful polished floors of Manila are a 
wonder. 

The unique product for which the islands have become 
commercially famous, and which it is found impossible to 
produce elsewhere, is the so-called Manila hemp, from which 
Manila rope and paper are made. It is the fibre of a species 
of banana or plantain, which grows to the height of 15 or 
20 feet. 

111. Philippine Ox-carts. 

Philippine ox-carts are rather clumsy arrangements, and 
with their curious thatched tops resemble small movable 
houses. 

It is difficult to convey any proper idea of the exceeding 
fertility of the soil. Agriculture is carried on in the most 
primitive fashion. 

112. Plowing Scene. 

You will see the farmer using a bent stick with an iron 
prod for a plow. Philippine methods are three hundred 
years behind the times. Think of sugar-cane crushed by 
several hundred men wdth clubs, when simple machinery 
would do it so much better and cheaper. Those peculiar 
dish-shaped hats worn by the plowman and his family are 
quite a necessary and effective protection from the intense 
heat of the sun. This is the carabou or water ox of the East, 
so called from its delight in wallowing in the water. 

Sugar is a great product. 

113. Sugar-drying Ground. 

This is a sugar-drying ground. Those are squares of 
sugar spread out on cloths. Here, too, you have a typical 
view of the city in the background ; vacant spaces and tree- 
covered spots are numerous. 

Many of the natives of the Philippines are uncivilized or 
only partially civilized. In Mindanao, the most southerly 



31 

and second largest island, are the savage Moros, with whom 
the Spaniards have been constantly at war. In the moun- 
tains of the interior of the other islands are the Negritos, 

114. Negrito Group. 

" Little black men." The}^ are the aboriginal race, though 
the Malays show more or less a blending with them. The 
Negritos are a small people, wandering in bands through the 
forests, sleeping wherever darkness finds them, subsisting 
upon fruits and what game they can secure by bow and 
arrows. 

115. Group and Buildings in Outskirts of Manila. 

However lacking in intelligence the Malays of the Philip- 
pines may be, they cannot, even in an uncivilized state, be 
classed as savages. The Tagals of Luzon, the island on which 
Manila stands, of whom this is a representative group, are a 
copper-colored race, and, like all of the Malay family, short of 
stature. These Tagals are the most advanced and influential 
element in the whole population of the islands. They are 
charmingly courteous, honest, orderly, and hospitable, taking 
life happily and easily. The natives have wonderful musical 
talent. A native Malay will take a tin oil can and from it 
construct a horn upon which he discourses the choicest music. 
From many a frail little house of Nipa palm in Manila will 
come the tones of a piano, and sweet sounds are everywhere ; 
while, of the bands constantly heard on the Luneta, the public 
pleasuring place of the city, none are finer in the world. Who 
shall say that these people are not susceptible of high devel- 
opment under the best infiuences of civilization ? 

116. Natives Pounding Corn. 

The Malays in their barbarous state are possessed, however, 
of fierce characteristics. Thus feuds between the tribes were 
formerly constant and deadly, and head-hunting on the part 
of those at enmity was so common as to make these islands a 
land of terror — characteristics still retained by the untutored 
and uncivilized tribes. With reference as to how incomplete 



32 

has been Spain's mastery of tbe islands, there are tribes which 
not only have never recognized the Spanish rule, but have 
never even heard of it and know nothing of all the turmoil 
of the white races on the edges of their archipelago. 

117. Native Women Weaving Cloth. 

Native women weaving cloth from the fiber of the pine- 
apple plant. The fabric, which is called pina cloth, is a 
most beautiful one, superior to silk. The w^eaving is so deli- 
cate a process and the woof is so exquisitely fine that some- 
times a few inches only result from a whole day's work. In 
dress the most beautiful and brilliant colors are worn by all 
classes. 

118. Manila Native Woman and Child. 

Manila native woman of the better class and her little 
daughter. This style of dress is universal, and the Manila 
lady, rich or poor, is very adept in managing her train, 
whether made of silk or pink calico. They are very fond 
of the bright colors. 

119. Manila Native Ladies. 

These are Manila native ladies. It is difficult to do justice 
to their native grace and refinement of courtesy and bearing 
or to describe the elegance and beauty of their apparel. 

The bodice of the costume is of the costly pina cloth, above 
described. 

120. Mestizo Lady. 

There are a great many Chinese in the islands, who have 
intermarried with the natives. The resulting mixed race, 
a very influential one, is known as Mestizo — that is, half- 
breed — and forms a large proportion of the merchants and 
landed proprietors. A Mestizo lady. The interiors of the 
Chinese houses are often very luxurious. One Chinese half- 
breed in Manila is said to be worth three million dollars. 

121. Native Criminals. 



33 

Native criminals, arrested by native constable. Probably 
the crime is nothing more than that of not having paid all 
the tax collector has asked for. You see that the constable 
carries his weapons of correction and defense. His short top 
coat over the long white one is his badge of office. 

122. Cock Fighting. 

Cock fighting may be said to be the national sport of the 
Philippines. Every native owns his rooster, carries him 
around with him, bets on him, and pays tax on him. Just 
as in Spain Sunday is the great day for bull fighting, so is it 
here the day of days for the cock fight. The roosters are held 
so that they may not hurt each other too much. The 
birds are much petted, and in general show an amiable dis- 
position, except to their fellows. We see here again the white 
muslin suits worn by every one in the Philippines. 

123. Rural Scene. 

The climate of the Philippines, of course, is very warm, 
lying, as they do, so near the equator, yet it is only a few 
degrees hotter than it is in Washington during the warmest 
months. Of course, there is the rainy season, taking the 
climate in Manila, which lasts from August to December. 
From November to March there are five months of pleasant 
temperature. April is hot, May and June still hotter, the am- 
bitious mercury climbing far up into the nineties each day, 
but in the evening there arc cooling sea-breezes which make 
the night sbearable. During the heated term the whole city 
av/akens between four and five and completes the work of the 
day before eight. Between 

124. Another Rural Scene. 

the hours of twelve and five in the afternoon the deserted 
and silent streets are like those of a city of the dead. No one 
stirs abroad except by absolute compulsion. At sundown 
the merchants open their heavy store doors, the streets sud- 
denly start into life, the principal meal of the day is served, 
and the whole population goes out for a walk. 



34 

Of course snakes and all kinds of tropical pests abound. 
Great serpents, of a harmless variety, 12 or 14 feet long, are 
hawked about in the streets for sale, as rat-catchers, and most 
householders keep one or two. Ants are especially trouble- 
some, ready always to eat either your house or your dinner. 

125. Palace of Governor General. 

The summer palace of the Governor General furnishes 
an example of the beautiful residences owned by many of 
the wealthy inhabitants of Manila, both native and foreign, 
which are as varied in style and arrangement as taste 
and nationality. Foreigners, however, of the white race 
are few. There are not eight thousand Spaniards resident 
in all the Philippines. In Manila there are one hundred 
and fifty Germans, ninety English, and, before the war, only 
four Americans. 

126. Native Village on Lake Shore. 

East of the Philippines, stretching for a distance of 2,000 
miles, lie the hundreds of delightful islands known as the 
Carolines. North of them are the Ladrones. Over both 
Spain has claimed sovereignty. 

On the Carolines American missionaries have been espe- 
cially successful in civilizing and educating the natives. It 
is here that the missionary ship, The Morning Star, built by 
the contributions of the Sabbath-school children of America, 
has done such efficient service ; but the arrival of the Span- 
ish men-of-war, bearing convicts and a lawless soldiery, has 

127. A Native of the Carolines. 

constantly undone the remarkable advancement on which 
the natives had entered. The missionaries w^ere driven en- 
tirely away from Ponape, the island where the progress of 
the natives had been most marked, and nothing can esti- 
mate the pernicious results of the Spanish occupation. The 
presence of the Spaniards in the Carolines, as everywhere, 
has been a curse. To the Christians of America, in the best 



85 

of all senses, the sovereignty of these beautiful islands be- 
longs. A native of the Carolines. 

Following now, not immediately, but at intervals, during 
the next few minutes, as we continue, will be some views of 
Philippine life and landscape, which will readily explain 
themselves — 

128. Spanish Arch. 

a Spanish arch spanning a Philippine brook, native home- 
stead scenes and two restful views of the beautiful Pasig as 
it flows down to Manila. 

Spain has effectually prohibited any kind of Protestant 
missionary work in the Philippines. 

She has placed every possible obstruction in the way of 
any sort of development, in her effort to exclude from the 
islands under her control all commerce and enterprise other 
than her own. 

Official robbery has been practiced openly, unblushingly, 
in the highest as in the lowest places. Good government 
has been the last thing thought of — not thought of at all. 

Oppression in the Philippines has been something fearful. 
It has been even worse than in Cuba. There have been 
poll-taxes, taxes on every kind of property, taxes on car- 
riages at three dollars a wheel, taxes on all mercantile trans- 
actions, taxes on every kind of amusement, taxes on 

129. Native Homestead. 

marriages, taxes on funerals. In some parts of the islands 
the native must carry his tax receipts constantly with 
him ; if found without them, he has been liable to arrest and 
punishment. For non-payment the penalties, after confis- 
cation of property, have been whipping and imprisonment ; 
or worse still, those unable to pay have been shipped as 
conscripts to die in the savage wars with the fierce Moros, in 
Mindanao, or they have been deported far from family and 
friends to remote government plantations, and there con- 
demned to slavery. 

Is it any wonder that a peaceable and inoffensive people 



36 

were driven to desperation, and that rebellion in the islands 
has been smoldering and blazing constantly ? 

130. Road and Homestead. 

"What is it the 'Filipinos' want? Nothing much, save 
to be left alone by the tax-gatherer ; to be free to work or not 
to work ; to know that the results of their enterprise will be 
theirs and not somebody else's; to knock cocoanuts from a 
tree for the morning meal, or to shake the fruit from 10,000 
trees and export the dried product to foreign countries." 

The Spaniards attempted, with merciless severity, to put 
down the insurrections. It was deliberately agreed in coun- 
cil by the Spanish officers at Manila that the insurgents should 
be given no quarter ; that massacre and extermination should 
be the policy. 

Thousands have been arrested and shot on suspicion. In 
1896 there were in the city of Manila eight hundred execu- 
tions in a single month. Public executions of " suspects," 
prominently, joyously announced, have always been made 

131. Upper Pasig. 

occasions of general holiday by the Spaniards in Manila. 
The deadly work was usually performed on the Luneta, in 
the cool of the morning, so that the Spanish public and 
gentry might attend. Hundreds of elegantly dressed ladies 
and gentlemen would " grace " the occasion with their pres- 
ence, many of the most fashionable coming in their car- 
riages, the ladies standing in their conveyances so as not to 
miss any part of the ghastly show. With miserable marks- 
manship, very seldom would one volley prove effective. 
Only after three, four, or even five volleys would the horrible 
sufferings of the condemned be over. 

132. Native Homestead Scene. 

With the announcement that all were dead, there was 
music by the band — gay, triumphal music — while the de- 
lighted lady spectators waved their handkerchiefs, and the 



37 

city and the ships in the harbor, decorated with flags and 
streamers, presented a gala-day appearance. 

On one occasion, when a mere boy of eighteen was exe- 
cuted, after ineffectual volleys, while the poor fellow was 
writhing in agony a gun muzzle was ordered to be placed in 
his mouth. By the discharge the head was practically blown 
off". 

Spain is the world's great malefactor — the monster among 
nations. 

Should we have returned the Philippines to the tender 
mercies of the Spanish rule ? To the conscience of a Chris- 
tian and enlightened nation there is but one answer. We 
can afford to take no other than the broad world-view. We 
dare not be narrow or mercenary. Our country is, and is to 
become more and more, the great peaceful civilizing influ- 
ence of the world. It is obligator}^ upon us to accept the full 
mission of commercial development for which the gates of 
the East are opening. The ages of all the future depend 
upon us. We shall hold the Philippines, but in trust and as 
a means by which we may render still grander service to the 
oppressed and unenlightened everywhere, recognizing that 
new occasions teach new duties, and shrinking not from the 
weighty responsibilities which have been laid upon us. 

133. The Pasig. 

The world is much smaller than wlien Washington read 
his farewell address. It is an age of commerce. The center 
of trade is the center of empire. There is soon to be such an 
upheaval in Asiatic waters as the world has never seen ; and 
in the disintegration of the Great Chinese Empire the God 
in History intends that we, the representatives of progress, 
shall be in evidence. 

It requires no prophetic eye to discern that our great Re- 
public is to lead the mighty coalition of all English-speaking 
peoples — the empire of thought and conscience and right — 
yet to belt the globe. Columbia becomes a light to the world, 
to guide the nations to heights of destiny as yet undreamed. 



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